Everything about Biofeedback totally explained
Biofeedback is a form of
alternative medicine that involves measuring a subject's quantifiable bodily functions such as
blood pressure,
heart rate,
skin temperature,
sweat gland activity, and
muscle tension, conveying the information to the patient in real-time. This raises the patient's
awareness and conscious control of their
unconscious physiological activities.
By providing the user access to
physiological information about which he or she's generally unaware, biofeedback allows users to gain control of physical processes previously considered an automatic response of the
autonomous nervous system. Interest in biofeedback has waxed and waned since its inception in the 1960s; it is, however, undergoing something of a renaissance during the early 21st century, which some experts attribute to the general rise in interest about all alternative medicine modalities.
Neurofeedback, a type of biofeedback treatment, has also become a popular treatment for
Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD);
electromyogram biofeedback, used for muscle tension, has been widely studied and is currently accepted as a treatment for
incontinence disorders, and small biofeedback machines are becoming available for a variety of uses in the home. The role of biofeedback in controlling
hypertension is also becoming recognised.
The
Association for Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback, or AAPB is the non-profit scientific and professional society for biofeedback, much akin to the
American Psychological Association.
Origin of biofeedback
Neal Miller, a
psychologist and
neuroscientist who worked and studied at
Yale University during the middle of the 20th century, is generally considered the father of modern-day biofeedback. He discovered the basic principles of biofeedback by accident while performing
animal experimentation of
classical conditioning behavior of
rats. Miller hypothesized that any measurable physiological behavior within the human body would respond in some way to voluntary control. His team found that by stimulating the
pleasure center of a paralyzed rat's brain with
electricity, it was possible to
train them to control phenomena ranging from their heart rate to their blood pressure and body temperature. Until that point, it was believed by the scientific community that physiological processes (for example heart rate) were solely under the control of the
autonomic nervous system and not responsive to conscious effort. Miller later retracted many of his claims because he was unable to replicate much of his data and one of his primary research assistants, Leo DiCara, committed suicide around the same time.
The hypotheses proposed by the Miller group make up one of three major approaches to understanding the mechanism of self-regulation of the body. Voluntary control of the autonomic nervous system had previously been considered impossible, something only controlled by conditioning.
Other threads of inquiry that led to the present-day "biofeedback" emerged from clinical attempts to use
mind/body self-regulation techniques in healthcare. Dr.
Elmer Green of the
Menninger Foundation performed some of the original research on the limits of human self-regulation of processes normally controlled by the unconscious mind and then applied these techniques successfully to the treatment of
migraine headaches and
hypertension. Dr.
Barbara Brown was the first to coin the word "biofeedback" during the early days of experimentation, at the same time as the formation of the Biofeedback Research Society. Other early pioneers were interested in the study of "
consciousness" and looked towards
electroencephalogram (EEG) self-regulation as a way to approach mind vs. brain dichotomy (see the work of Dr.Kamiya). Other early efforts in the field of biofeedback were directed toward the examination of claims by
yogis and others who
meditate who were able to demonstrate mind/body control and markers of states of consciousness. See Elmer Green et al
Beyond Biofeedback and Barbara Brown
Stress & The Art of Biofeedback for some early writings. The Biofeedback Research Society evolved into the Biofeedback Society of America and more recently the Association for Applied
Psychophysiology and Biofeedback.
Efficacy Ratings
The Association for Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback has developed the following criteria for setting the level of evidence for efficacy.
Level 1: Not empirically supported
Supported only by anecdotal reports and/or case studies in non-peer reviewed venues.
Level 2: Possibly Efficacious
At least one study of sufficient statistical power with well identified outcome measures, but lacking randomized assignment to a control condition internal to the study.
Level 3: Probably Efficacious
Multiple observational studies, clinical studies, wait list controlled studies, and within subject and intrasubject replication studies that demonstrate efficacy.
The following biofeedback protocols have received a level 3 efficacy rating:
alcoholism/
substance abuse,
arthritis,
chronic pain,
epilepsy,
fecal elimination disorders, pediatric migraines,
insomnia,
traumatic brain injury,
vulvar vestibulitis.
Level 4: Efficacious
- In a comparison with a no-treatment control group, alternative treatment group, or sham (placebo) control utilizing randomized assignment, the investigational treatment is shown to be statistically significantly superior to the control condition or the investigational treatment is equivalent to a treatment of established efficacy in a study with sufficient power to detect moderate differences, and
- The studies have been conducted with a population treated for a specific problem, for whom inclusion criteria are delineated in a reliable, operationally defined manner, and
- The study used valid and clearly specified outcome measures related to the problem being treated and
- The data are subjected to appropriate data analysis, and
- The diagnostic and treatment variables and procedures are clearly defined in a manner that permits replication of the study by independent researchers, and
- The superiority or equivalence of the investigational treatment have been shown in at least two independent research settings.
Biofeedback treatment protocols for
anxiety,
ADHD,
hypertension,
TMD,
urinary incontinence in males, and
migraine,
cluster, and
tension headaches have all received level 4 efficacy ratings.
Level 5: Efficacious and specific
The investigational treatment has been shown to be statistically superior to credible sham therapy, pill, or alternative bona fide treatment in at least two independent research settings.
Biofeedback treatment protocol for
urinary incontinence in females has been given a level 5 efficacy rating.
Major Biofeedback Modalities
Electromyograph
An
electromyograph, or EMG is the one of the most commonly used modalities in biofeedback treatment. An EMG in a biofeedback setting typically uses electrodes in order to measure muscle
action potentials. These action potentials result in muscle tension. The patient can learn to recognize the way tension subjectively feels by using the objective EMG readings, and as a result learn to control the muscle tension. EMG is used as a
relaxation technique to ease tension in the muscles causing
backaches,
neck pain,
TMD,
incontinence, and
tension,
migraine, and
cluster headaches. EMG is also used in the process of muscle rehabilitation, such as in cases of paralysis resulting from
Cerebral Palsy,
stroke, and incomplete spinal cord lesions.
Feedback Thermometer
A
thermistor attached to the subject's digits or web dorsum measures the subject's skin temperature. Because there's a correlation between a drop in body temperature and the patient's experience of
stress, a low temperature reading indicates the need to begin relaxation techniques. Temperature biofeedback can also help in treating certain circulatory disorders, such as
Raynaud's disease, and can reduce the frequency and severity of migraines. The physiological processes which are being trained in this modality are
vasoconstriction and
vasodialation, where blood vessel size is a result of the contraction and relaxation of smooth musculature in the vessel walls. The mechanism being trained in warming exercises
is a
beta-adrenergic vasodilator mechanism.
Electrodermograph
In
electrodermograph training, sensors measure the activity of a patient's
sweat glands. The amount of electrical resistance measured on the skin indicates the level of anxiety. This information can then be used to treat emotional disorders such as
phobias,
anxiety and
stuttering. The best-known use of this method of biofeedback is in
polygraph machines. Galvanic skin response meters are currently gaining popularity in hypnotherapy and psychotherapy practices, so subtle physiological changes that indicate emotional arousal can be more easily detected.
Electroencephalograph
An
electroencephalograph, or EEG monitors the activity of brain waves. These brain waves correspond to different mental states, such as wakefulness (
Beta waves), relaxation (
Alpha waves), calmness (
Theta waves), and light sleep and deep sleep (
Delta waves). EEGs are useful in the treatment of anxiety and ADHD, in which the protocols have been awarded a level 4 efficacy rating by the
AAPB.
Photoplethysmograph
Photoplethysmographs, or PPGs, in biofeedback are used to measure peripheral blood flow, heart rate, and
heart rate variability(HRV). To measure HRV, PPGs measure the varying distances between heart beats, also known as the interbeat interval (IBI). This data guides users in finding a breathing pattern that increases their variability. PPGs are also helpful in biofeedback treatment for some types of
cardiac arrhythmias.
Pneumograph
A
pneumograph measures abdominal/chest movement (as when breathing), usually with a strain gauge. They are used to detect breathing rate, and correct ineffective breathing patterns such as
thoracic breathing, reverse breathing, and
apnea. They are also often used in conjunction with a PPG in HRV training.
Capnometer
A
capnometer measures end-tidal CO2 with an infrared detector. All biofeedback training that employs the use of a capnometer aims at normalizing end-tidal CO2 at 5%. Capnometric biofeedback is useful in the treatment of
hyperventilation syndrome. During hyperventilation, end-tidal CO2 lowers from a normal level of 5% to 2.5%.
Hemoencephalography
Hemoencephalography, or HEG biofeedback is a method of functional
infrared imaging that indirectly measures neural activity in the brain. There are two known types of HEG, passive infrared (pIR) and near infrared (nIR). Near infrared HEG measures the differences in color of light reflected back through the scalp, based on the relative amount of oxygenated and unoxygenated blood in the brain. Passive infrared measures the amount of heat that's radiated by the scalp at various locations of interest.
Biofeedback in art
Biofeedback data and biofeedback technology are used by
Massimiliano Peretti in a contemporary art environment, the
Amigdalae project. This project explores the way in which emotional reactions filter and distort human
perception and observation. During the performance, biofeedback medical technology, such as the EEG, body temperature variations, heart frequency, and galvanic responses, are used to analyze the audiences' emotions while they watch the video art. Using these signals, the music changes so that the consequent sound environment simultaneously mirrors and distorts the viewer's
emotional state.
More information is available at the website of the
CNRS French National Center of Neural Research
(External Link
).
David Rosenboom has worked to develop musical instruments that would respond to mental and physiological commands. Playing these instruments can be learned through a process of biofeedback.
Biofeedback in military service
It is said that several special forces, such as the Delta Force, get training in biofeedback. It has certain advances to alter heartbeat rate. It improves aiming for long distance shots. It would make it possible to shoot between heartbeats. Furthermore some claim that it would be possible to keep the body at rest, and only warm the parts of the body that are in use, like the trigger finger.
Criticisms
Further research is needed in many applications of biofeedback therapy. While many scientific studies have examined neurofeedback as a treatment for ADHD,
it's generally viewed as a "promising" rather than a "proven" treatment modality. EEG biofeedback as a treatment for ADHD is also viewed with skepticism in some areas of the medical community. Furthermore, some believe that the use of biofeedback for stress and anxiety is an expensive method of treatment which could be replaced with simple relaxation training, meditation, and
self-hypnosis.
Further Information
Get more info on 'Biofeedback'.
|
External Link Exchanges
Do you know how hard it is to get a link from a large encyclopaedia? Well we're different and will prove it. To get a link from us just add the following HTML to your site on a relevant page:
<a href="http://biofeedback.totallyexplained.com">Biofeedback Totally Explained</a>
Then simply click through this link from your web page. Our crawlers will verify your link, extract the title of your web page and instantly add a link back to it. If you like you can remove the words Totally Explained and embed the link in article text.
As long as your link remains in place, we'll keep our link to you right here. Please play fair - our crawlers are watching. Your site must be closely related to this one's topic. Any kind of spamming, dubious practises or removing the link will result in your link from us being dropped and, potentially, your whole site being banned. |
